| 1. Mechanical damage due to rope movement over sharp edge projection while under load. |  |
| 2. Localized wear due to abrasion on supporting structure. Vibration of rope between drum and job head sheave. |  |
| 3. Narrow path of wear resulting in fatigue fractures, caused by working in a grossly oversize groove or over small support rollers. |  |
| 4. Two parallel paths of broken wires indicative of bending through an undersize groove in the sheave. |  |
| 5. Severe wear, associated with high tread pressure. Protusion of fibre main core. |  |
| 6. Severe wear in Lang Lay, caused by abrasion of cross-over points on multi-layer coiling application. |  |
| 7. Corrosion of severe degree caused by immersion of rope in chemically treated water. |  |
| 8. Typical wire fractures as a result of bend fatigue. |  |
| 9. Wire fractures at the strand, or core interface, as direct from 'crown' fractures, caused by failure of core support. |  |
| 10. Break of IWRC resulting from high stress application. Note nicking of wires in outer strands. |  |
| 11. Strand core protusion as a result of torsional unbalance created by 'drop ball' application (i.e. shock loading). |  |
| 12. Typical example of localized wear and deformation created at a previously kinked portion of rope. |  |
| 13. Multi-strand rope 'bird-caged' due to torsional unbalance. Typical of build-up seen at anchorage end of multi-fall crane application. |  |
| 14. Protusion of IWRC resuting from shock loading. |  |